OPINION1

Sontchi, J.

INTRODUCTION

Pending before the Court is a motion filed by Kieran Wallace and Eamonn Richardson, the duly appointed and authorized Chapter 15 foreign representatives (the "Foreign Representatives") of Irish Bank Resolution Corporation Limited ("IBRC" or the "Debtor"), for entry of an order pursuant to 11 U.S.C. sections 542, 1521(a)(5) and 1521(a)(7) (the "Bankruptcy Code"), directing Yahoo! Inc. ("Yahoo") to turn over to the Foreign Representatives all electronically stored information contained in the Yahoo Account (as defined below) (the "Turnover Motion").2 Yahoo objects to the relief sought by the Foreign Representatives.

The primary issue is whether the Court should order an email service provider to hand over contents contained in a private email account after the account user evaded the proceeding and failed to comply with several discovery orders. For the reasons set forth below, the Court will deny the Turnover Motion. The Court finds that the Foreign Representatives failed to present sufficient evidence that proves that the contents of the Yahoo Account are part of IBRC's property or relate to IBRC's property or financial affairs. Accordingly, the Court holds that the Foreign Representatives have not met their burden of proof under the turnover provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. The Court further holds that the Stored Communication Act3 (the "SCA") prohibits, under the circumstances of this matter, the disclosure of information from a private email account without the actual user's consent. Specifically, the Court finds that the SCA and the case law interpreting it do not support the notion of compelling an email service provider to disclose electronically stored information based on a theory of imputed consent or by designating a third-party as the "subscriber."

JURISTIDCTION AND VENUE

This Court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157 and 1334. Venue is proper in this District pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1410. This is a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. §§ 157(b)(2)(A), (E), (O) and (P) and this Court has the judicial power to enter a final order.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

A. General Background

This motion is the last in a series of motions filed by the Foreign Representatives in an effort to obtain information contained in the email address abdrasim@ yahoo.com (the "Yahoo Account"), which is allegedly maintained by one who goes by the name of "Abdullah Rasimov" ("Rasimov"). Generally, this matter is related to a large-scale litigation pending in Ireland (and other jurisdictions) involving the liquidation of IBRC, the successor to Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Limited and Irish Nationwide Building Society (the "Irish Proceeding").4

More specifically, this motion is related to Seán Quinn and his five adult children's (collectively, the "Quinn Family") efforts to evade repayments on approximately €2.8 billion in loans advanced by IBRC to companies owned or controlled by the Quinn Family. Around May 2011, IBRC attempted to enforce its security interests linked with the loans advanced to those companies. However, soon after, the Quinn Family initiated proceedings seeking to set aside the security interests held by IBRC as invalid and unenforceable on the ground that the underlying lending was illegal. Since then, the Irish Supreme Court has held that IBRC's entitlement to be repaid those challenged loans is enforceable. Furthermore, allegedly, courts in Ireland have found that the Quinn Family have engaged in a sophisticated scheme to evade repayment of the IBRC loans. Numerous orders have been entered against the Quinn Family and their agents in order to prevent the dissipation of IBRC assets. Notwithstanding those orders, IBRC has been unable to enforce its security interests or to recover assets which have been dissipated as part of the alleged scheme and has remain frustrated in its efforts to achieve repayment of the IBRC loans.

On February 21, 2014, after allegedly receiving information from informants about certain emails addresses that were being used in connection with the Quinn Family's scheme, the Foreign Representatives filed an ex parte application with the English High Court (the "English Application") for discovery against certain respondents, including Yahoo! Inc. UK. Through the English Application, the Foreign Representatives sought to conduct discovery relating to the Quinn Family. On February 24, 2014, the English High Court granted the English Application and entered various orders pertaining to IBRC's requested relief. Among other things, the English High Court permitted a confidential investigation of various respondents, including Yahoo! Inc. UK.

The Foreign Representatives allege that through the information received from the informants and through the discovery permitted by the English High Court, they have discovered various email accounts believed to be connected to the Quinn Family's attempt to conceal assets. Several of those email accounts are maintained and supported by companies providing access to email services operating in the United States. Among those, and at the center of this motion, is a Yahoo email account.

B. Procedural History

i. The Chapter 15 Recognition Proceeding

The Foreign Representatives commenced a voluntary case under Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code by filing a petition, seeking recognition of an insolvency legal proceeding in Ireland, with this Court on August 26, 2013.5 On December 18, 2013, the Court entered an Order Granting Recognition of Foreign Main Proceeding and Related Relief (the "Recognition Order").6 Following that, on April 30, 2014, the Court issued an opinion setting forth the basis for the Recognition Order.7

ii. Discovery Orders Obtained from this Court

On March 12, 2014, the Foreign Representatives submitted an ex parte motion seeking discovery pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 2004 from certain email service providers, including Yahoo (the "Discovery Motion"). The Foreign Representatives intended for the discovery to supplement the discovery already ordered by the English High Court. Thus, the Foreign Representatives requested a temporary order mandating that their investigation of Yahoo, among others, be maintained confidential and that the pleadings related to the investigation remain under seal for a period of four weeks, subject to extension for cause. On March 14, 2014, this Court held an ex parte hearing on the Discovery Motion and issued an order approving it (the "Discovery Order"). Following two extensions that were granted by the Court, IBRC filed all of the underlying pleadings, orders and notices of subpoenas on this Court's docket,8 and served copies of the same upon members of the Quinn Family and their counsel.

iii. The Yahoo Subpoenas

Following the Court's execution of the Discovery Order, on March 14, 2014, the Foreign Representatives served an initial subpoena upon Yahoo. The Foreign Representatives requested that Yahoo produce all documents concerning or relating to: (a) the subscriber details for the Yahoo Account; (b) the IP login history relating to the Yahoo Account; (c) the IP addresses of computers or devices used to access the Yahoo Account; and (d) other metadata regarding the Yahoo Account. In response, Yahoo produced certain documents and other materials.

On May 29, 2014, the Foreign Representatives served a subsequent subpoena upon Yahoo (the "Follow-up Yahoo Subpoena"). This time, the Foreign Representatives requested that Yahoo produce all electronically stored information contained in the Yahoo Account. While Yahoo made available additional documents in response to the Follow-up Yahoo Subpoena, Yahoo did not produce any emails or other content contained in the Yahoo Account. Yahoo asserted that it was barred from doing so under internal governing policies and the applicable statute (i.e. the SCA).

iv. The 2004 Application

On October 1, 2014, the Foreign Representatives submitted a Motion for an Order Compelling the Production of Documents Pursuant to Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 2004 (the "2004 Application").9 Through the 2004 Application, the Foreign Representatives asked for of an order compelling Rasimov to provide the documents sought in the Follow-up Yahoo Subpoena. Since the whereabouts of Rasimov is unknown, the Foreign Representatives served the 2004 Application upon Rasimov via the email address associated with the Yahoo Account. The Foreign Representatives received no indication that the 2004 Application was not delivered successfully thereto.10 The 2004 Application was scheduled for hearing on October 17, 2014. However, no objections were received by any party. Accordingly, the Court cancelled the hearing and entered the proposed order granting the 2004 Application on October 15, 2014 (the "2004 Order").11 The 2004 Order specifically permitted the Foreign Representatives to serve Rasimov via the Yahoo Account.12

Following entry of the 2004 Order, counsel for the Foreign Representatives attempted to serve a copy of the 2004 Order upon Rasimov through the Yahoo Account.13 This time, however, the counsel received an automated email response indicating that "Delivery has failed" and further noting that "This user doesn't have a yahoo.com account (abdrasim@yhaoo.com)."14 The Counsel attempted service of the 2004 Order via email on October 15, 2014 and again on October 16, 2014, and received the same automated response in both instances.15 Rasimov never complied with the 2004 Order.

v. The Order to Compel

After failing to obtain from Rasimov the information sought pursuant to the 2004 Order, the Foreign Representatives filed a motion for an order compelling compliance with the previous order (the "Motion to Compel") on October 31, 2014.16 By the Motion to compel, the Foreign Representatives sought for an order compelling Rasimov to provide the information entreated by the 2004 Order, directing Rasimov to consent to the release of the contents contained in the Yahoo Account or, in the alternative, authorizing the Foreign Representative to consent to the release of the information on behalf of Rasimov. On November 20, 2014, this Court granted the relief sought in the Motion to Compel (the "Order to Compel").17 Among other things, the Court ordered the following with respect to Rasimov and the Yahoo Account:

vi. The Subscriber Order

Although the Order to Compel directed Rasimov to provide written consent to Yahoo for the release of all relevant electronic information contained in the Yahoo Account, Rasimov failed again to comply with the Court's order. Actually, Rasimov never appeared or responded at any stage of this litigation. Accordingly, on December 2, 2014, the Foreign Representatives attempted to provide Yahoo with "lawful consent," on behalf and in the name of Rasimov, to release the contents of the Yahoo Account.

Yahoo, however, declined to comply with the Foreign Representatives' request, asserting that, notwithstanding the Order to Compel, the Foreign Representatives cannot provide "lawful consent." Yahoo claimed that it is barred from releasing the contents of the Yahoo Account under internal governing policies and the applicable statute, which prohibits any release absent "lawful consent" from one of the parties identified in the SCA § 2702(b)(3) (i.e., either the "originator" of the communication, "an addressee or intended recipient of such communication," or the "subscriber"). Accordingly, Yahoo alleged that the Foreign Representatives do not fall under any of these categories.

In light of Yahoo's reluctance to cooperate with the Foreign Representatives' request, the Foreign Representatives filed another motion aimed at obtaining the information in the Yahoo Account. This time, the Foreign Representatives sought entry of an order in aid of the Order to Compel, which would designate the Foreign Representatives as the "subscriber" of the Yahoo Account, and accordingly, to the Foreign Representatives' view, would remove all doubts that the Foreign Representatives have the legal status of a party that could provide "lawful consent" within the meaning of the SCA (the "Motion in Aid of the Order to Compel").20 The Motion in Aid of the Order to Compel was also served on Yahoo.21

On October 8, 2015, the Court entered an Order in Aid of Prior Order Compelling Compliance with Subpoena and Directing Consent to Release of Information (the "Subscriber Order").22 The Subscriber Order ruled as follows:

On December 17, 2015, Mr. Wallace (one of the appointed Foreign Representatives) issued a consent to search and account verification form to Yahoo, along with a copy of the Subscriber Order.24 However, Yahoo refused again to comply with the Foreign Representatives' request for the disclosure of contents contained in the Yahoo Account. On January 5 and 6, 2016, Yahoo's counsel communicated to counsel for the Foreign Representatives that it could not hand over the requested contents from the Yahoo Account.25 Yahoo continued to hold the position that the Foreign Representatives' consent falls short of the consent required and, thus, has continued to withhold production of the requested information.

On January 21, 2016, pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure § 45, Yahoo filed a Motion to Quash in the Northern District of California, the district where production was required under the Follow-up Yahoo Subpoena.26 On January 26, 2016, the Foreign Representatives withdrew from the Follow-up Yahoo Subpoena.27 On February 2, 2016, Yahoo voluntarily dismissed the Motion to Quash without prejudice.28

vii. The Turnover Motion, the Hearing and the Supplemental Briefings

In between, on January 20, 2016, the Foreign Representatives filed the Turnover Motion asking for an order (1) granting additional relief pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 1521(a)(5) and 1521(a)(7) and (2) directing Yahoo to turn over information to the Foreign Representatives.29 By the Turnover Motion the Foreign Representatives seek an order, including through § 542 of the Bankruptcy Code, that will direct Yahoo to hand over to the Foreign Representatives all electronically stored information contained in the Yahoo Account. On February 10, 2016, Yahoo filed its objection to the Turnover Motion,30 and on February 25, 2016, the Foreign Representatives filed a reply in support of the Turnover Motion.31

The Court heard arguments on the Turnover Motion on March 1, 2016, and at the conclusion of the hearing took the matter under advisement (the "Hearing").32 Following the Hearing, on April 21, 2016, Yahoo filed a request for an order for leave and permission to file a supplemental brief in further support of its objection and to address specific questions raised by the Court at the Hearing.33 On April 25, 2016, the Foreign Representatives filed their objection to Yahoo's request for a permission to file a post-hearing brief.34 On June 13, 2016, the Court accepted Yahoo's motion and entered an order granting both Yahoo and the Foreign Representatives permission to file post-hearing briefs.35 Accordingly, Yahoo's supplemental briefing filed on April 21, 2016,36 was accepted, and on July 11, 2016, the Foreign Representatives filed their supplemental reply.37 The matter is now fully briefed and is ripe for the Court's consideration.

ANALYSIS

As set forth above, Yahoo objects to the Foreign Representatives demand to hand over information from the Yahoo Account. Yahoo's main assertion is that the SCA prohibits email service providers from disclosing contents of private email accounts to third-parties except for very limited circumstances not present in this case.38 Yahoo argues that the Foreign Representatives have attempted an end run of the SCA prohibitions by obtaining an order from the Court purporting them to be the "subscriber" of the Yahoo Account so that they would allegedly be able to give "lawful consent." However, Yahoo insists that only the actual subscriber's lawful consent supports disclosure under the SCA. Yahoo claims that the SCA does not allow any consent by court designated proxy, and so implied-in-law consent, consent by inaction or consent by legal substitutes are not sufficient. In the alternative, Yahoo argues that the Foreign Representatives are not entitled to turnover of data from the Yahoo Account under the Bankruptcy Code since the Foreign Representatives have failed to present any evidence that the information they seek is property of the Debtor's estate or relate to the Debtor's property or financial affairs.

A. Preliminary Procedural Issues

i. Due Process Considerations

Yahoo asserts that the Court should not compel it to divulge contents contained in the Yahoo Account because the Subscriber Order did not comport with due process standards, particularly in light of the lack of notice of the Motion in Aid of the Order to Compel and the Subscriber Order to Rasimov.39 Yahoo argues that the Foreign Representatives failed to give Rasimov notice of the nature of the sanction they demanded from this Court in the Motion in Aid of the Order to Compel (i.e., the request to be deemed as the subscriber of the Yahoo Account and the ability to consent to the disclosure of its contents). Specifically, Yahoo claims that the Foreign Representatives made no attempt to serve Rasimov with motions and orders other than through the Yahoo Account, which has not been successful since October of 2014.40

Since Rasimov's identity and locations are unknown41 and the Foreign Representatives lack other methods of communication with him,42 the 2004 Order expressly authorized the Foreign Representatives to serve Rasimov through the Yahoo Account.43 However, it appears that after the 2004 Motion was successfully served on Rasimov through email, the Yahoo account was shut down. The only parties with authority to terminate the Yahoo Account, under the "Yahoo Terms of Service," were Yahoo and Rasimov.44 Yahoo has not acknowledged that it shut down the account and so the Foreign Representatives rightly indicate that the only logical conclusion is that Rasimov (or someone on his behalf) terminated it upon receiving the 2004 Motion.45

Closing the only means by which he could receive notice of matters before this court, Rasimov (or Yahoo on his behalf) could not be heard to complain about insufficient notice.46 Furthermore, the Foreign Representatives rightly assert that Yahoo seems to lack third-party standing to raise Rasimov's due process rights.47 As the Third Circuit articulated, "[t]he doctrine of standing `focuses on the party seeking to get his complaint before a federal court and not on the issues he wishes to have adjudicated'"48 ... and that one of the prudential limits on federal court jurisdiction demands that a party "assert[s] his own legal rights and interests, and [] not rest his claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of third parties'."49 The prohibition on third-party standing, however, "is not invariable and our jurisprudence recognizes third-party standing under certain circumstances."50 Third-party standing may be appropriate where, inter alia, the absentee party faces some obstacles that prevent it from pursuing its own claims.51 However, nothing here indicates that this is the case in regard to Rasimov. In fact, the only impediment to Rasimov protecting his interests is that he shut down the Yahoo Account in what seems like an attempt to seal himself off from this proceeding.

At any rate, the Court is of the opinion that given the circumstances presented here, service to Rasimov satisfied due process. To satisfy due process, the method approved must be "reasonably calculated under the totality of the circumstances, to inform of the pending [] action and allow the opportunity to respond and object."52 Accordingly, email notice has been recognized by courts as an effective means of providing notice in appropriate circumstances.53 Taking into account that the Foreign Representatives have no contact information for Rasimov other than the Yahoo Account, issuing notice through this channel was a reasonable way to inform Rasimov about the proceeding.

ii. "Res Judicata" Argument

The Foreign Representatives argue that Yahoo is belatedly objecting to the relief sought in the Motion to Compel and Motion in Aid of the Order to Compel or belatedly seeking reconsideration of the Order to compel or the Subscriber Order. The Foreign Representatives claim that Yahoo had several opportunities to be heard regarding the relief previously sought from this Court but has chosen to remain silent.54 Accordingly, the Foreign Representatives believe that Yahoo cannot come at this time and ask to reopen issues already decided by the Court.55 In the Foreign Representatives view, the previous orders entered by this Court are final and Yahoo is bound by them. In other words, the Foreign Representatives insist that Yahoo's arguments regarding the use of civil discovery under the SCA and whether there is a bankruptcy exception to the SCA are irrelevant at this stage of the proceeding.56

However, at the same time, the Foreign Representatives admit that the previous motions were not aimed at obtaining "the contents of the Yahoo Account through discovery that has been issued to Yahoo, but through discovery that has been issued to Rasimov"57 (emphasized in original). Furthermore, the Foreign Representatives also acknowledge that "[t]he Order to Compel did not direct Yahoo to do anything, but instead directed Rasimov to consent to the disclosure of the contents of the Yahoo Account ... Similarly, the Subscriber Order did not direct Yahoo to do anything, but rather designated the Foreign Representatives as the `subscriber' of the Yahoo Account."58 Additionally, it is worthwhile noting that Yahoo did not enter a notice of appearance in this proceeding.59

It is unclear whether Yahoo was under an obligation to respond to the Motion in Aid of Order to Compel, which resulted in the Subscriber Order, because that motion was not directed at Yahoo. Therefore, there is some logic behind Yahoo's argument that it was not a party in interest60 with respect to this proceeding because none of the previous motions were directly aimed towards Yahoo or requested Yahoo to take any action.61 As one treatise explains, "although the concept of a `party in interest' is necessarily broad, it was not intended to include literally every conceivable entity that may be involved in or affected by that [] proceedings."62 Similarly, "even if one hold an indirect interest in the outcome of the proceeding (e.g., because the outcome may have some effect on the case and, thus, may affect his or her stake in the case), principles of standing may restrict participation if the issues addressed in the proceeding are not more than marginally relevant to his or her interest generally."63

On the other hand, the list of potential parties in interest in section 1109(b) of the Bankruptcy Code is not exclusive.64 "Thus, a person not expressly enumerated in section 1109(b) may also qualify as a `party in interest' if the person possesses a significant legal (as contrasted with financial) stake in the outcome of the case."65 In this regard, the Third Circuit held as follows:

Taking all these considerations into account, the Court concludes that Yahoo was not unequivocally obligated to present its objection earlier in the proceeding. Assuming arguendo that the Subscriber Order has a peripheral ramification on Yahoo, it is too attenuated to preclude Yahoo the opportunity to raise its objection. Up until this point, the Foreign Representatives' motions were not directed against Yahoo and the Court's orders did not purport to affect Yahoo's substantial rights. Furthermore, holding now that Yahoo is bound by the Subscriber Order and compelled to turn over the contents of the Yahoo Account would also potentially circumvent the acceptable procedural mechanism. "If turnover is sought from an entity other than the debtor, an adversary proceeding is the proper procedural mechanism."67 Finally, regardless of the res judicata argument put forward by the Foreign Representatives, and more importantly, the Court believes that there are substantive compelling reasons why it should not find that Yahoo is bound by the Subscriber Order as will be discussed immediately below.

B. The Foreign Representatives' Attempt to Use the Turnover Provisions of the Bankruptcy Code to Obtain the Contents of the Yahoo Account

The Foreign Representatives request a relief under section 1521(a)(7) of the Bankruptcy Code, making section 542 applicable to this Chapter 15 case, thereby compelling Yahoo to hand over to them the information contained in the Yahoo Account. Alternatively, the Foreign Representatives seek to obtain the information in the Yahoo Account pursuant to section 1521(a)(5).68 These provisions provide as follows:

Section 542 states, in pertinent parts, that:

The Foreign Representatives suggest two different theories for the turnover of the information contained in the Yahoo Account. First, the Foreign Representative submit that they are entitled to all contents of the Yahoo Account because the information is property of the Debtor that must be surrendered under section 542(a)69 or section 1521(a)(5). According to this argument, the information in the Yahoo Account became the Debtor's property upon the Court designating the Foreign Representatives as the "subscriber." Second, the Foreign Representative assert that they are entitled to contents from the Yahoo Account because the information "relates to the [D]ebtor's property or financial affairs," regardless of whether the information is the Debtor's property.70 Taking into account the different premises underlying these lines of arguments, each will be addressed and analyzed below separately.

i. Turnover of Property to the Debtor's Estate — §§ 1521(7) and 542(a); § 1521(5)

Section 1521(a) of the Bankruptcy Code catalogs the relief available to a foreign representatives after recognition of a foreign proceeding.71 The relief under section 1521(a) is discretionary and most of it is consistent with relief regularly granted in domestic cases under other chapters of the Bankruptcy Code.72 However, under this section, the foreign representative is the party empowered to seek relief instead of the trustee or debtor in possession.73 Subsection 1521(a)(5) permits the delivery of assets in the United States to a foreign representative or another person for administration or realization, while subsection 1521(a)(7) authorizes "any additional relief that may be available to a trustee (except under the United States avoidance law)."74

Can the Foreign Representatives turn to the provisions of section 542? No words of limitation restricting the turnover provisions under section 542 appears in the statute,75 and some courts have grappled with whether the turnover authority is applicable in a Chapter 15 case.76 However, the decisions all find that turnover relief is available under Chapter 15 in one way or another.77 Some have concluded that turnover is available only through sections 1521(a)(5) and 1521(b).78 One decision of this court applied section 542 without discussion.79 Yet another court ruled that section 542 may apply subject to the requirements of section 1522.80

The purpose of section 542 of the Bankruptcy Code is "to expand the trustee's power to `bring into the estate property in which the debtor did not have a possessory interest at the time the bankruptcy proceedings commenced,' ensuring that a broad range of property is included in the estate ...."81 A turnover action "invokes the court's most basic equitable powers to gather and manage property of the estate."82

The turnover requirement is an affirmative duty that arises upon the filing of the bankruptcy petition.83 By its express terms, section 542(a) is self-executing and does not require that the trustee take any action, commence a proceeding or obtain a court order to compel the turnover.84 However, where the turnover of property does not occur, the trustee has the authority to compel an entity to turn over property and to seek injunctive relief to protect the asset sought.85 Importantly, to support a cause of action for turnover, the trustee has the burden of proof,86 by a preponderance of the evidence, to establish that, inter alia, the property constitutes property of the estate.87 The "property" that is subject to turnover is not identified in section 542(a), but the term is generally understood to mean "property of the estate," as defined in section 541.88 Furthermore, "[b]y referring to § 363, a section which authorizes the trustee to `use, sell, or lease ... property of the estate,' the drafters of § 542(a) made it clear that the turnover obligation applies to property of the estate"89 (the equivalent term of art used in Chapter 15 is the property of the debtor "within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States"90). Examples of property interests that courts have found to constitute property of the estate that is subject to turnover include the return of a motor vehicle that was repossessed prepetition,91 a right to cure defaults,92 tax refunds,93 an increase in stock value,94 and insurance proceeds.95

Here, no evidence was presented to demonstrate that the contents of the Yahoo Account were initially property of the Debtor's estate.96 In fact, the only assertion put forth by the Foreign Representative is that they had received information from informants that various email accounts, including the Yahoo Account, were believed to be connected to the scheme of concealing IBRC's assets.97 The Foreign Representative have not presented details regarding the nature of the information the informants handed to them or the basis for the belief that the Yahoo Account is related to the alleged scheme. Therefore, the Court concludes that the Foreign Representatives, as the party that bears the burden of proof, failed to introduce sufficient evidence that, by a preponderance, shows that the contents of the Yahoo Account belonged to the Debtor's estate before or at the commencement of this case or the Irish Proceeding.

However, the Foreign Representatives assert that the contents contained in the Yahoo Account became the Debtor's property under section 541(a) and section 1521(5) after the Subscriber Order deemed them to be the "subscriber" of the Yahoo Account.98 But this argument puts the cart before the horse. First, "[i]t is a given that `[t]he trustee [or debtor-in-possession] can assert no greater rights than the debtor himself had on the date the [bankruptcy] case was commenced'."99 As the Third Circuit emphasized "[n]otwithstanding `Congress' intention to bring anything of value that the debtors have into the estate,' ... the legislative history of § 541 also demonstrates that it was `not intended to expand debtor's rights against others more than they exist at the commencement of the case'."100 As already concluded, IBRC had no property interest in the Yahoo Account or its contents when this Chapter 15 case (or the foreign insolvency proceeding) was commenced. Thus, the Foreign Representatives' claim that the Yahoo Account became estate property when they were deemed as the "subscriber" fails because that would contravene the underlying notion of the Bankruptcy Code.

Second, consistent with the abovementioned Bankruptcy Code's intent, a better interpretation would suggests that the Subscriber Order did not purport to transfer property rights in the Yahoo Account to the Debtor's estate. Rather, the Subscriber Order declares that "the Foreign Representatives shall be and hereby are designated as the `subscriber' of the Yahoo Account."101 It is uncertain whether a designation of this sort has the power to create a property interest in the Debtor's favor.

Third, even assuming, arguendo, that the Subscriber Order did transfer to the Foreign Representatives, or to the Debtor's estate, some sort of property rights, the Court should consider whether the circumstances justify to enforce such rights against Yahoo as requested by the Turnover Motion. As will be discussed below, the Court concludes that the SCA presents a compelling reason why Yahoo should not be compelled to disclose the contents of the Yahoo Account and, in turn, establishes a justified reason for the Court to use to its equitable powers to alter the Subscriber Order or to relieve Yahoo from the requested relief sought by the Turnover Motion.102

ii. Turnover of Information that Relates to the Debtor's Estate — §§ 1521(7) and 542(e)

The Foreign Representatives alternative argument is that regardless of whether the contents contained in the Yahoo Account are indeed property of the Debtor's estate, section 542(e) compels the turnover of non-privileged documents so long as they relate to the debtor's property or financial affairs.103 As one court well described, "subsection (e) of § 542 is directed to persons holding recorded information that is not property of the estate but is otherwise relevant to the debtor's property or financial affairs."104

Yahoo argues that the Foreign Representatives are not entitled to turnover of the contents of the Yahoo Account under section 542(e).105 Yahoo engages in an interpretation effort to narrowly restrict section 542(e) to attorneys and accountants. Yahoo points to the legislative history of section 542(e) to assert that this provision applies only to attorneys and accountants.106 Namely, Yahoo claims that the legislative history and the available case law suggest that the sole intent of section 542(e) was to "eliminate the leverage of professionals granted by state law lien provisions to withhold information necessary to the administration of the estate."107 However, Yahoo's argument on this point is not convincing. Yahoo's attempt to read the word "or other person" out of the statute or replace the word "person" with the term "professional" is refuted by the fact that Congress chose to use the word "person," which is broadly defined term under section 101(41) of the Bankruptcy Code (rather than the more limiting term "professional").108 Additionally, the Foreign Representatives rightly suggest that the case law does not support Yahoo's interpretation of section 542(e).109 Nevertheless, the Court finds the parties' arguments regarding the appropriate interpretation of section 542(e) to be largely irrelevant to a resolution of the Turnover Motion. As will be suggested below, other reasons regarding the specific circumstances of this matter stand between the Foreign Representatives and their target to get access to the contents of the Yahoo Account.

The Foreign Representatives failed to present any evidence that the contents they seek actually relate to the Debtor's property or financial affairs. "[T]he language of Section 542(e) suggests that the Trustee must carry an initial burden to establish that the Documents `relat[e] ... to the debtor's property or financial affairs'."110 Here, the Foreign Representatives demand the entire contents of the Yahoo Account solely on the assertion that the Yahoo Account is "believed to be connected to the Quinn Family and/or their agents perpetrating their improper scheme of concealing assets ...."111 But this is no more than a speculation. In other words, the Foreign Representatives failed to put forward sufficient facts or data to convince the Court that the requested materials relate to the debtor's property or financial affairs. In In re Heritage Organization., L.L.C., the Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas carefully analyzed each document sought by the trustee under section 542(e), in camera, and determined whether that document actually related to the debtor's property or financial affairs. In that case, the trustee claimed that certain documents, which were held by an attorney who provided legal services to the debtor and various related entities, actually related to the debtor's property or financial affairs. The court rejected the trustee's contention regarding two out of three documents because the trustee failed to "provide[ ] any evidence whatsoever about the relationship between the Debtor on the one hand and [the entities to which the documents pertain] on the other."112 Much like in Heritage Organization, the lack of evidence showing whether the contents of the Yahoo Account actually relate to the Debtor's property or financial affairs should result in the denial of the Turnover Motion.

Furthermore, as opposed to section 542(a), section 542(e) "is not self-executing and the court need not grant the relief requested in an unusual case."113 As will be discussed below, the SCA presents a compelling reason why the Court should refrain from ordering Yahoo to disclose the contents contained in the Yahoo Account. Accordingly, the Court finds it appropriate to use its discretion to deny the relief sought by the Turnover Motion.

C. The SCA Bars Disclosure of the Information in the Yahoo Account

i. The SCA Statutory Framework

The SCA regulates the disclosure of email and other electronic communications by email service providers to third-parties. The purpose of the SCA is to create a "zone of privacy to protect internet subscribers from having their personal information wrongfully used and publicly disclosed by `unauthorized private parties'."114 As part of this scheme, the SCA delineates when a service provider, such as a webmail provider, may or may not disclose the contents of its customers' electronic communications or information about those customers.115 Both a provider of an electronic communication service and a remote computing service to the public are prohibited from knowingly divulging the contents of a communication to a third-party, absent an applicable exception.116 As one court elucidated, "the SCA's requirement of `lawful consent' is manifestly intended to invest users with the final say regarding disclosure of the contents of their stored messages while limiting the burdens placed on service providers ...."117 Another court explained that "the SCA effectively protects against disclosures obtained directly from third-parties, not under traditional discovery rules, `which makes sense given that a non-party generally would not have an opportunity to appear to contest the scope or validity of a request'."118

Here, the parties have tacitly accepted the fact that the contents of the Yahoo Account are covered by the SCA's prohibition. Therefore, the Turnover Motion runs afoul of the SCA unless the Foreign Representatives' demand qualifies for one of the exceptions set forth by the statute.

ii. Existing Case Law Does Not Support the Premise that Disclosure Subjected to the SCA's Prohibition Can Be Compelled Based on Imputed Consent or by Designating a Third-Party as the "Subscriber"

The SCA contains eight enumerated exceptions to the prohibition of disclosing contents of an electronically stored communication. For present purposes,119 a provider is excused from the SCA's prohibition when specific users give "lawful consent" to disclose contents to a third-party.120 Consent is effective as to a specific communication if given by "the originator or an addressee or intended recipient of such communication, or the subscriber...."121 Here, there is no dispute that Rasimov, the original subscriber of the Yahoo Account, has the power to give lawful consent to disclose the email massages at issue. Also, there is no dispute that Rasimov has failed to provide such consent.122 Furthermore, the parties agree that the Court has authority to compel a party refusing discovery to provide consent under the SCA.123 In fact, the Foreign Representatives concedes that this, in fact, was the underlying purpose of the Order to Compel and the Subscriber Order, which were issued against Rasimov, not Yahoo.124 The question that the parties take issue with is whether the Court could order the production of electronically stored information from an email service provider when the account user refuses to give his or her consent to the disclosure.

The Foreign Representatives assert that in the face of Rasimov's unwillingness to participate in this proceeding and his failure to comply with the discovery orders issued to him, the Court has further authority to fashion appropriate remedies and order Yahoo to disclose the contents of the Yahoo Account without the explicit consent of Rasimov. Specifically, the Foreign Representatives are seeking to use the turnover provisions of the Bankruptcy Code to obtain what Rasimov has refused to provide.125 On the other hand, Yahoo asserts that the relief sought by the Foreign Representatives is barred by the SCA. In other words, Yahoo asserts that the SCA does not provide a mechanism for private parties to compel disclosure of a user's email via a subpoena or court order directed at the service provider. Further, Yahoo insists that the required consent must be given by a party to the communication or the account subscriber, and that such consent cannot be compelled by a court on a theory of imputed consent.126

Faced with this statutory deadlock, courts interpreting the SCA have declined to create an "implicit exception to the [SCA] for civil litigation,"127 and have repeatedly found that persons other than the actual subscriber may not give consent to disclose information found in a private email account. In fact, the Foreign Representatives admit that "no decision has been found designating a [third] party as a `subscriber' under the SCA as a discovery sanction."128 No case was presented where a court ordered a service provider to disclose electronically stored messages based on its own declaration, contrary to fact, that the subscriber has consented to disclosure.

In Negro,129 the California Court of Appeal determined that under the SCA a court cannot deem a subscriber to have consented when he has not.130 In that case, an employer sued a former employee in Florida and the employer sought access to the contents of the employee's Gmail account through a California court. Google moved to quash the subpoena on grounds that the SCA prohibited disclosure. In denying Google's motion, the lower court imputed consent to the employee and concluded that "court ordered consent" was sufficient under the SCA.131 The California Court of Appeal reversed, holding that "[t]he `lawful consent' exception to the prohibitions of the [SCA] is not satisfied by consent that is merely constructive, implied in law, or otherwise imputed to the user by a court"132 (emphasis in original). Rather, consent for the purposes of the SCA "must be consent in fact."133 The appellate court acknowledged that courts can use the coercive power of discovery sanctions to obtain a litigant's consent to the disclosure. However, courts cannot "bypass this step and simply declare that users have consented when in fact they have not."134

Other courts have come to similar conclusions regarding judicially-manufactured consent over the steadfast objection of an email user. That is, that the SCA does not provide for a mechanism in civil litigation to compel disclosure of a user's private email contents through a subpoena or a court order directed at the service provider when none of the parties to the communication gave their consent.135 Indeed, the Foreign Representatives' counsel admitted during the Hearing that they were unable to find a single case that supports the notion of designating someone else as the subscriber.136

In Bower v. Bower,137 acknowledging "frustration," the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts rejected a contention that a litigant who had left the country and refused to appear could be "deemed" to have consented to disclosure of contents contained in her email account. The court distinguished cases where plaintiffs were held to have impliedly consented to disclosure by "affirmative participation in the judicial process."138 In that case, the plaintiff, a father and legal custodian of two children, brought an action against the mother alleging that the children were abducted by her from their home in Massachusetts to Egypt.139 The mother was a fugitive who had not appeared during the proceeding and the father was seeking to compel Yahoo and Google to produce all emails from the mother's email accounts.140 Much like in our case, it was undisputed that if the mother had authorized the disclosure of her emails, the email service providers would have comply with that request and respond to the subpoenas issued by the father.141 However, the court found nothing in the mother's actions from which it could imply an intent to consent to the disclosure of the electronically stored information.142 The court said that the fact that the mother was a fugitive who had not participated in the litigation and had not sought to make affirmative use of the judicial system made the case easily distinguishable from those where courts had found an implied agreement to consent in light of an affirmative participation in the proceeding.143 The court emphasized that it did not minimize the father's frustration with the situation, but nonetheless concluded that the SCA precluded the email service providers from handing over the requested information contained in the email accounts.

In Suzlon Energy Ltd. v. Microsoft Corp.144 the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld a motion by an email service provider to quash the production of documents from a domestic email account of a foreign citizen. The plaintiff filed an action against Microsoft for the production of the subscriber's emails for use in a civil fraud proceeding pending in Australia. The emails were stored on a domestic server of Microsoft's Hotmail email service. The court of appeals held that the SCA prohibited Microsoft from divulging the emails without the subscriber consent. More importantly, the court of appeals held that the SCA extends its protections to foreign citizens.145 Furthermore, the court of appeals rejected the argument that Congress intended that the SCA's prohibition would apply only to government law enforcement and not to civil matters. The court said that even if Congress' most pressing concern was law enforcement agencies issuing subpoenas that did not mean that Congress was not also concerned about civil litigants issuing discovery requests.146 The court of appeals held that "declaring an implicit exception to the [SCA] for civil litigation would erode the safety of the stored electronic information and trigger Congress' privacy concerns."147 The court also rejected the argument that the subscriber, as a litigant, impliedly consented to the production of his emails because he had a duty to produce the documents under the Australian law.148

In Special Markets Ins. Consultants, Inc. v. Lynch,149 the District Court for the Northern District of Illinois quashed a subpoena served on Yahoo because it violated the SCA. The subpoena required Yahoo to produce emails and other information that were stored on three private email accounts owned by former employees of the plaintiff. The court said that the argument that the email service provider was not shown to be an "electronic communication service" was frivolous. The court held that "cases cited by the parties and those located by this court's research have consistently held that Yahoo, AOL, and similar services are, indeed, the `electronic communication services' contemplated by the SCA."150 The court stressed that the plaintiff had alternative means to obtain the relevant emails, essentially by serving document requests on the employees, which under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34 may require the production of electronically stored information.151

In light of the above mentioned cases, and the lack of any case supporting the Foreign Representatives' position, the Court is unwilling to conclude that it has the authority to compel a service provider to divulge the contents of a private email solely at the request of a third-party after the account user has failed to give his or her consent.

iii. The Bankruptcy Code Does Not Include an Exception to the SCA's Prohibition

Yahoo argues, correctly, that the authority granted to the bankruptcy courts does not trump the SCA's prohibition on disclosure.152 As a general matter, Yahoo rightly points to the fact that "the bankruptcy court may not order relief that results in a violation [of] the U.S. Constitution or other federal law."153 Similarly, the bankruptcy court "is not empowered to amend laws enacted by the United States Congress or individual state legislatures."154

With respect to the interplay between the bankruptcy court's authority under Chapter 15 and the SCA, In re Toft155 is instructive. In that case, a foreign representative of a debtor in a German insolvency proceeding was seeking to gain access to the debtor's email accounts stored on servers of two service providers located in the United States.156 It was represented in the German proceeding that the debtor refused to cooperate with the administrator and has secreted his assets and relocated them to an unknown country outside of Europe.157 In accordance with what was alleged to be common German practice, the German court entered a "Mail Interception Order," authorizing the foreign representative, as administrator of the debtor's estate, to intercept the debtor's postal and electronic mail.158 Accordingly, the foreign representative argued that the relief he sought was permitted under sections 1521 and 1507 of the Bankruptcy Code and that he merely sought enforcement in the United States of orders entered in the foreign proceeding. The Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York denied the motion, holding that the "relief requested would [] contravene the protection against disclosure of e-mails by internet service providers contained in the [SCA] ...,"159 potentially subjecting "an ISP disclosing the debtor's e-mails, to U.S. criminal liability."160 The bankruptcy court explained that "consistent with the traditional limits of comity, all relief under Chapter 15 is subject to the caveat in § 1506, providing the court with authority to deny the relief requested where such relief would be `manifestly contrary to the public policy of the United States'."161 The bankruptcy court opined that "there are limits to the assistance that can be rendered to foreign proceedings,"162 and held that "this is one of the rare cases in which the relief sought by the Foreign Representative must be denied under § 1506 of the Bankruptcy Code as manifestly contrary to the public policy of the United States."163

Here, based on the language of the SCA, the purpose of the statute and the foregoing cases interpreting it, the Court concludes that the SCA lacks authority that authorizes it to order an email service provider to divulge the contents of electronic communications without the consent of the account user. Subsequently, the Court finds that the relief granted in the Subscriber Order should not be used to circumvent the SCA's prohibition. Further, the Court determines that the Foreign Representatives are incapable to provide "lawful consent" to disclose the contents contained in the Yahoo Account.

CONCLUSION

Outwardly, this matter raises significant legal issues regarding privacy in the electronic era. However, at the end, the Court reaches its conclusion based on clear principles laid down by Congress in the Bankruptcy Code and the SCA. Specifically, the Court finds that the Foreign Representatives failed to come forward with prima facie evidence that shows that they are entitled to the information sought by the Turnover Motion. Additionally, the Court concludes that the SCA does not enable it to compel Yahoo to hand over the contents of the Yahoo Account without the user's consent. For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny the Turnover Motion. An order will be issued.